2.3 Bede's Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum. 2.2 Gildas' De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae. More recent genetic studies have tentatively supported the conclusion that the Germanic-speaking incomers, while contributing substantially to the current English gene pool, did not replace the pre-existing British population. This theory, originating in an early population genetics study, has proven controversial, and has been critically received by many scholars. In this case, the prevalent genes of later Anglo-Saxon England could have been largely derived from moderate numbers of Germanic migrants. This view predicts that the ancestry of the people of Anglo-Saxon and modern England would be largely derived from the Romano-British.Įven so, if these incomers established themselves as a social elite practising a level of endogamy, this could have allowed them enhanced reproductive success (the 'apartheid theory', named after the 20th-century apartheid system of South Africa). Archaeologists have found that settlement patterns and land use show no clear break with the Romano-British past, though changes in material culture were profound. This hypothesis suggests that the incomers achieved a position of political and social dominance, which, aided by intermarriage, initiated a process of acculturation of the natives to the incoming language and material culture. However, another view, the most widely accepted among 21st century scholars, is that the migrants were fewer, possibly centred on a warrior elite. If this traditional viewpoint were to be correct, the genes of the later English people would have been overwhelmingly inherited from Germanic migrants. In this view, held by most historians and archaeologists until the mid- to late 20th century, much of what is now England was cleared of its prior inhabitants. These factors suggested a mass influx of Germanic-speaking peoples. Moreover, little clear evidence exists for any significant influence of British Celtic or British Latin on Old English. They describe violence, destruction, massacre, and the flight of the Romano-British population. The few literary sources tell of hostility between incomers and natives. The available evidence includes the scant contemporary and near-contemporary written record, archaeological and genetic information. 
The settlement was followed by the establishment of the Heptarchy, Anglo-Saxon kingdoms in the south and east of Britain, later followed by the rest of modern England, and the south-east of modern Scotland. This process principally occurred from the mid-fifth to early seventh centuries, following the end of Roman rule in Britain around the year 410. The Germanic-speakers in Britain, themselves of diverse origins, eventually developed a common cultural identity as Anglo-Saxons. The Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain is the process which changed the language and culture of most of what became England from Romano-British to Germanic.
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